Секреция гормона роста во время острых и хронических аэробных и силовых упражнений с отягощениями

В обзоре описываются факторы, влияющие на острую и хроническую секрецию гормона роста. Этими факторами являются: интенсивность упражнений, пол и возраст исследуемых. Сравнивается изменение концентрации гормона роста в зависимости от вида физической нагрузки: аэробной или силовой. В статье рассмотрены также факторы нейроэндокринного контроля.

Wideman, L., Weltman, J., Hartman, M.L., Veldhuis, J.D. and Weltman, A. 2002. Growth hormone (GH) release during acute and chronic aerobic and resistance exercise: Recent Findings. Sports Medicine 32 (15): 987-1004.

Л. Вайдеман с соавт.

Секреция гормона роста во время острых и хронических аэробных и силовых упражнений с отягощениями. Недавние выводы

Аннотация

Упражнения являются мощным физиологическим стимулом для секреции гормона роста. Аэробные упражнения и упражнения с отягощениями приводят к значительному, острому (то есть очень быстрому после начала упражнений) увеличению секреции гормона роста. Ранее предполагалось, что вызванное физическими упражнениями выделение гормона роста требует достижения «пороговой» интенсивности. Однако недавние исследования нашей лаборатории показали, что независимо от возраста или пола существует линейная зависимость между величиной острого увеличения секреции гормона роста и интенсивностью упражнений. Величина выброса гормона роста у молодых женщин выше, чем у молодых мужчин, и снижается в 4–7 раз у пожилых людей по сравнению с более молодыми.

После увеличения секреции гормона роста, связанного с началом аэробных упражнений, его выброс  временно уменьшается. В результате, если упражнения выполнялись однократно, то суммарная концентрация гормона роста за сутки обычно не повышается. Тем не менее, повторное выполнение аэробных упражнений в течение суток приводит к увеличению суммарной концентрации гормона роста в течение 24 часов.

Поскольку острая реакция гормона роста на силовые упражнения с отягощениями зависит от интервала между работой и отдыхом, а также от нагрузки и частоты используемых упражнений с отягощением, желательно уравнивать интенсивность по различным программам тренировок. Это оказалось трудной задачей. Проблемы с сохранением патентованных внутривенных катетеров привели к отсутствию исследований, исследующих изменения в острой и 24-часовой секреции гормона роста в ответ на упражнения с отягощениями. Тем не менее, исследования, использующие различные программы силовой тренировки с отягощениями и методы отбора проб, показали резкое увеличение секреции гормона роста, сходное с тем, которое наблюдается при аэробных нагрузках.

У молодых женщин хроническая аэробная тренировка с интенсивностью, превышающей лактатный порог, привела к двухкратному увеличению секреции гормона роста в течение 24 часов. Временная шкала адаптации и механизмы, с помощью которых происходит этот тренировочный эффект, все еще неясны. К сожалению, существует мало исследований, изучающих влияние силовых тренировок с отягощениями на секрецию гормона роста в течение 24 часов.

Снижение секреции гормона роста, наблюдаемое у пожилых людей или страдающих ожирением, связано со многими вредными последствиями для здоровья, хотя причинно-следственная связь не установлена. Хотя физические упражнения могут не восстановить секрецию гормона роста до уровня, наблюдаемого у молодых, здоровых людей, физические упражнения являются мощным стимулом секреции гормона роста. У лиц пожилого возраста или страдающих ожирением, комбинация упражнений и введение оральных стимуляторов секреции гормона роста может привести к еще большей его секреции, чем просто физические упражнения. Будут ли такие вмешательства приводить к благоприятным клиническим исходам, еще предстоит установить.

Abstract

Exercise is a potent physiological stimulus for growth hormone (GH) secretion, and both aerobic and resistance exercise result in significant, acute increases in GH secretion. Contrary to previous suggestions that exercise-induced GH release requires that a ‘threshold’ intensity be attained, recent research from our laboratory has shown that regardless of age or gender, there is a linear relationship between the magnitude of the acute increase in GH release and exercise intensity. The magnitude of GH release is greater in young women than in young men and is reduced by 4–7-fold in older individuals compared with younger individuals. Following the increase in GH secretion associated with a bout of aerobic exercise, GH release transiently decreases. As a result, 24-hour integrated GH concentrations are not usually elevated by a single bout of exercise. However, repeated bouts of aerobic exercise within a 24-hour period result in increased 24-hour integrated GH concentrations.

Because the GH response to acute resistance exercise is dependent on the work-rest interval and the load and frequency of the resistance exercise used, the ability to equate intensity across different resistance exercise protocols is desirable. This has proved to be a difficult task. Problems with maintaining patent intravenous catheters have resulted in a lack of studies investigating alterations in acute and 24-hour GH pulsatile secretion in response to resistance exercise. However, research using varied resistance protocols and sampling techniques has reported acute increases in GH release similar to those observed with aerobic exercise.

In young women, chronic aerobic training at an intensity greater than the lactate threshold resulted in a 2-fold increase in 24-hour GH release. The time line of adaptation and the mechanism(s) by which this training effect occurs are still elusive. Unfortunately, there are few studies investigating the effects of chronic resistance training on 24-hour GH release.

The decrease in GH secretion observed in individuals who are older or have obesity is associated with many deleterious health effects, although a cause and effect relationship has not been established. While exercise interventions may not restore GH secretion to levels observed in young, healthy individuals, exercise is a robust stimulus of GH secretion. The combination of exercise and administration of oral GH secretagogues may result in greater GH secretion than exercise alone in individuals who are older or have obesity. Whether such interventions would result in favourable clinical outcomes remains to be established.

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С уважением, А.В. Самсонова