Снижение массы скелетных мышц при старении в основном объясняется уменьшением размера мышечных волокон II типа

Снижение массы скелетных мышц при старении в основном связано с меньшим размером мышечных волокон II типа. Поэтому увеличение мышечной массы после длительной тренировки с отягощениями может быть полностью связано со специфической гипертрофией мышечных волокон II типа.

Nilwik R. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size /R. Nilwik , T. Snijders, M. Leenders, B.B.L. Groen, J. van Kranenburg, L. B. Verdijk, L. J.C. van Loon // Experimental Gerontology, 2013. V. 48. P. 492-498.

Р. Нилвик с соавт.

Снижение массы скелетных мышц при старении в основном объясняется уменьшением размера мышечных волокон II типа

История вопроса

Потеря массы скелетных мышц при старении объясняется снижением количества мышечных волокон и размера мышечных волокон.

Цель

Определить, в какой степени различия в площади поперечного сечения мышц ног (CSA) между молодыми и пожилыми мужчинами объясняются различиями в размерах мышечных волокон.

Методы

Измеряли CSA четырехглавой мышцы и размер мышечных волокон типа I и типа II  у здоровых молодых (n = 25; 23 ± 1 года) и пожилых (n = 26; 71 ± 1 года) мужчин. Впоследствии пожилые субъекты проводили 6 месяцев тренировочных упражнений с отягощением, после чего измерения повторяли. Различия в CSA четырехглавой мышцы сравнивали с различиями в размерах мышечных волокон I и II типа.

Результаты

CSA четырехглавой мышцы бедра было значительно меньше у пожилых мужчин по сравнению с молодыми (68±2 см² против 80 ± 2 см² соответственно; P<0,001). Размер мышечных волокон типа II был значительно меньше у пожилых людей по сравнению с молодыми (29%; P<0,001) с тенденцией к уменьшению мышечных волокон типа I  (P = 0,052). Различия в размерах мышечных волокон II типа полностью объясняют различия в CSA четырехглавой мышцы бедра между группами. Длительная тренировка с отягощениями у пожилых людей увеличила размер мышечных волокон II типа на 24 ± 8% (P<0,01), объясняя 100 ± 3% увеличения CSA четырехглавой мышцы (с 68 ± 2 см² до 74 ± 2 см²).

Вывод

Уменьшение  массы скелетных мышц при старении в основном связано с меньшим размером мышечных волокон II типа и, как таковое, вряд ли сопровождается значительной потерей мышечных волокон. Таким образом, увеличение массы скелетных мышц после длительной тренировки с отягощениями может быть полностью связано со специфической гипертрофией мышечных волокон II типа.

Background

The loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging has been attributed to a decline in muscle fiber number and muscle fiber size.

Objective

To define to what extent differences in leg muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) between young and elderly men are attributed to differences in muscle fiber size.

Methods

Quadriceps muscle CSA and type I and type II muscle fiber size were measured in healthy young (n=25; 23± 1y) and older (n=26; 71±1y) men. Subsequently, the older subjects performed 6 months of resistance type exercise training, after which measurements were repeated. Differences in quadriceps muscle CSA were compared with differences in type I and type II muscle fiber size.

Results

Quadriceps CSA was substantially smaller in older versus young men (68± 2 vs 80± 2 cm2, respectively; Pb0.001). Type II muscle fiber size was substantially smaller in the elderly vs the young (29%; Pb0.001), with a tendency of smaller type I muscle fibers (P=0.052). Differences in type II muscle fiber size fully explained differences in quadriceps CSA between groups. Prolonged resistance type exercise training in the elderly increased type II muscle fiber size by 24± 8% (Pb0.01), explaining 100± 3% of the increase in quadriceps muscle CSA (from 68±2 to 74± 2 cm2).

Conclusion

Reduced muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to smaller type II muscle fiber size and, as such, is unlikely accompanied by substantial muscle fiber loss. In line, the increase in muscle mass following prolonged resistance type exercise training can be attributed entirely to specific type II muscle fiber hypertrophy.

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С уважением, А.В. Самсонова