Трехмерный биомеханический анализ приседания со штангой на плечах выполняемого при различной ширине расстановки стоп

Выполнялся трехмерный биомеханический анализ приседания со штангой на плечах при различной ширине расстановки стоп. Рассчитывались межзвенные углы, моменты силы, развиваемые мышцами относительно тазобедренного, коленного и голеностопного суставов при различной расстановке стоп. 3D анализ значительно точнее, чем 2D, особенно для широкой стойки.

ESCAMILLA, R. F., G. S. FLEISIG, T. M. LOWRY, S. W. BARRENTINE, and J. R. ANDREWS. A three-dimensional biomechanical analysis of the squat during varying stance widths. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 6, 2001, pp. 984–998.

Эскамилла Р.Ф. с соавт.

ТРЕХМЕРНЫЙ БИОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРИСЕДАНИЯ СО ШТАНГОЙ НА ПЛЕЧАХ ВЫПОЛНЯЕМОГО ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНОЙ ШИРИНЕ РАССТАНОВКИ СТОП

ЦЕЛЬ

Рассчитать биомеханические параметры при приседании со штангой с различной шириной стоп, используя 2D и 3D методы анализа.

МЕТОДЫ

Во время национального чемпионата по пауэрлифтингу велась видеосьемка приседания со штангой на плечах 39 атлетов с частотой 60 кадров/с. Ширина между стопами была усреднена относительно ширины плеч, и было выделено три группы стоек:

• Узкая (107+- 10% от ширины плеч).
• Средняя (142+-12%).
• Широкая (169+-12%).

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ

Наибольшие биомеханические различия среди трех видов стоек, а также при использовании 2D и 3D анализа наблюдаются между узкой и широкой стойками. При углах 45 и 90 градусов в коленном суставе, бедра сгибались больше на 6-11 градусов, и бедра были на 7-12 градусов ближе к горизонтальному положению в средней и широкой стойке в сравнении с узкой.

При угле 90 градусов и в нижней точке приседания, голени были на 5-9 градусов ближе к вертикальному положению и стопы были развернуты наружу на 6 градусов больше в широкой стойке по сравнению с узкой. В положении туловища заметных различий не выявлено. Углы в тазобедренном суставе были на 3-13 градусов меньше при 2D анализе в сравнении с 3D.

Моменты силы, развиваемые мышцами в узкой стойке:

Сгибатели голеностопного сустава: – 10-51Нм;

Разгибатели голени – 359-573Нм;

Разгибатели бедра – 275-577Нм.

Моменты силы, развиваемые мышцами в средней и широкой стойке:

Сгибатели голеностопного сустава – 34-284Нм.

Разгибатели голени – 447-756Нм.

Разгибатели бедра – 382-628 Нм

При 2D и 3D анализе наблюдаются значительные различия в плечах моментов относительно голеностопного и коленного суставов: 7-9 см в узкой стойке, 12-14 в средней и 16-18 в широкой.

ВЫВОДЫ

Для узкой стойки были рассчитаны моменты для подошвенного сгибателя стопы, для средней и широкой стойки были рассчитаны моменты для тыльного сгибателя стопы. Моменты относительно коленного и тазобедренного суставов были больше в широкой стойке по сравнению с узкой. 3D анализ значительно точнее, чем 2D, особенно для широкой стойки.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА

Пауэрлифтинг, тяжелая атлетика, моменты силы относительно суставов, плечи силы относительно суставов, межзвенные углы, кинематика, кинетика, механическая работа

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify biomechanical parameters employing two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) analyses while performing the squat with varying stance widths.

Methods: Two 60-Hz cameras recorded 39 lifters during a national powerlifting championship. Stance width was normalized by shoulder width (SW), and three stance groups were defined: 1) narrow stance squat (NS), 107 6 10% SW; 2) medium stance squat (MS), 142 6 12% SW; and 3) wide stance squat (WS), 169 6 12% SW.

Results: Most biomechanical differences among the three stance groups and between 2-D and 3-D analyses occurred between the NS and WS. Compared with the NS at 45° and 90° knee flexion angle (KF), the hips flexed 6–11° more and the thighs were 7–12° more horizontal during the MS and WS. Compared with the NS at 90° and maximum KF, the shanks were 5–9° more vertical and the feet were turned out 6° more during the WS. No significant differences occurred in trunk positions. Hip and thigh angles were 3–13° less in 2-D compared with 3-D analyses.

Ankle plantar flexor (10–51 N·m), knee extensor (359–573 N·m), and hip extensor (275-577 N·m) net muscle moments were generated for the NS, whereas ankle dorsiflexor (34–284 N·m), knee extensor (447–756 N·m), and hip extensor (382-628 N·m) net muscle moments were generated for the MS and WS. Significant differences in ankle and knee moment arms between 2-D and 3-D analyses were 7–9 cm during the NS, 12–14 cm during the MS, and 16–18 cm during the WS.

Conclusions: Ankle plantar flexor net muscle moments were generated during the NS, ankle dorsiflexor net muscle moments were produced during the MS and WS, and knee and hip moments were greater during the WS compared with the NS. A 3-D biomechanical analysis of the squat is more accurate than a 2-D biomechanical analysis, especially during the WS.

 Key Words:

POWERLIFTING, WEIGHTLIFTING, JOINT MOMENTS, JOINT MOMENT ARMS, JOINT ANGLES, SEGMENT ANGLES, KINEMATICS, KINETICS, MECHANICAL WORK

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